Final answer:
The five life-threatening complications of an open or closed fracture include Fat Embolism Syndrome, Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism, infection (especially with open fractures), pneumonia, and pressure sores leading to further infections.
Step-by-step explanation:
Life-Threatening Complications of Fractures:
Fractures, whether open (compound) or closed (simple), can lead to several life-threatening complications. The five key complications include:
- Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES): Particularly with fractures of long bones like the femur, fat globules may be released into the bloodstream, potentially causing respiratory distress and even death if not promptly treated.
- Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE):
Immobility after fractures, especially hip fractures in elderly patients, can lead to the formation of blood clots that may travel to the lungs, causing PE. - Infection: Open fractures have a high risk of infection due to the exposed wound, with pathogens potentially leading to severe complications.
- Pneumonia: Imposed immobility after a fracture can cause poor air exchange and lung secretions to accumulate, leading to pneumonia.
- Pressure Sores and Related Infections:
Lack of movement may result in sores that are entry points for infection, complicating the recovery process.
Besides these, fractures can also result in other complications like compartment syndrome, where swelling within muscular compartments reduces blood flow and can damage muscles and nerves.