Final answer:
Collateral estoppel is a principle that bars relitigation of the same facts or issues that have already been decided in a previous lawsuit. The correct answer to the question is option b. This legal concept ensures the finality and efficiency of the legal process by avoiding redundant litigation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The legal concept of collateral estoppel bars relitigation of the same facts or same issues after they have been decided upon in a previous lawsuit.
This principle is closely related to the idea of stare decisis, which means to stand by things decided, suggesting that courts should follow precedent when similar facts or legal questions are presented in subsequent cases. However, collateral estoppel is more specific in that it prevents parties from retrying an issue that has already been adjudicated.
Collateral estoppel applies when:
- The issue in question has been decided in a prior case,
- The issue was essential to the judgment in that case, and
- The party against whom the principle is being applied had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the previous case.
Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is: b. bars relitigation on the same facts or same issues.
It's important to differentiate between collateral estoppel and double jeopardy, which relates to the principle that an individual cannot be tried twice for the same offense. These principles work together to ensure the fairness and efficiency of the legal system, but they address different aspects of legal proceedings.