Final answer:
In 2005, the Supreme Court held in United States v. Booker that federal judges were no longer required to follow the presumptive sentencing guidelines.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is d) Presumptive sentencing guidelines. In 2005, the Supreme Court held in United States v. Booker that federal judges were no longer required to follow the presumptive sentencing guidelines that had been in effect since 1987. This means that judges now have more discretion in determining appropriate sentences for federal crimes.