Final answer:
The type of probation officer that uses threats and punishment to emphasize control and public protection is a Punitive probation officer. They enforce norms through formal negative sanctions, a reflection of the punitive approach to crime prevention. Option b is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of probation officer described in the question is a b) Punitive probation officer. This kind of officer emphasizes control and the protection of the public against offenders. Their approach typically involves the use of threats and punishment, which are forms of formal negative sanctions. These sanctions are part of the formal sanctions system used to enforce norms and to punish those who violate laws and regulations.
Punitive probation officers focus on crime prevention through strict supervision and the application of negative sanctions in response to non-compliance. Their goal is closely aligned with the geography of punishment, a philosophy that favors the use of punishment for criminals as a means of deterrence and potential rehabilitation.