Final answer:
c) Determinate sentences
The primary sentencing tool of the just desserts model is determinate sentences, which focus on retribution by imposing a fixed sentence based on the severity of the crime.
Step-by-step explanation:
The primary sentencing tool of the just desserts model is c) Determinate sentences. This model of justice revolves around the principle of retribution, which seeks to punish individuals for their past crimes by assigning a fixed sentence based on the severity of the offense.
Determinate sentences are fixed by law and are not subject to discretionary adjustments by parole boards or other entities, reflecting the just desserts philosophy that punishment should be proportionate to the wrongdoing.
In contrast to incapacitation and rehabilitation, which aim to protect society by preventing future crimes or transforming offenders into lawful citizens, the just desserts model prioritizes the idea of retribution as a form of moral balance.
Additionally, this contrasts with indeterminate sentences, fines, and probation, which can involve more discretion and emphasize different aspects of criminal justice such as rehabilitation or societal protection.