Final answer:
The doctrine requiring judges to decide similar cases using established precedents is known as stare decisis. It is a cornerstone of the common law system, contributing to the consistency and predictability of legal rulings while allowing for changes in law over time when necessary. a) Stare decisis
Step-by-step explanation:
The doctrine you're referring to is stare decisis, a Latin term that means "to stand on decided cases." This legal principle is integral to the common law system and requires judges to adhere to established precedents when the facts of a case are similar to a previously decided case. It is based on the idea that courts should apply the same reasoning to similar cases to maintain consistency and stability in the law.
This does not mean there is no room for the evolution of legal principles, as courts can and do overturn precedent to address changing social values or correct injustices. The use of stare decisis ensures that legal rulings and rights remain consistent over time, enhancing the predictability of the law and the legitimacy of the judicial system. It guides the interpretation of constitutions, statutes, and regulations through the patterns of past rulings.
Within the U.S. judicial system, stare decisis ensures that precedent steers the operation of the courts. When previous court decisions are well-established, they become a guiding force for future rulings, contributing to the structure of case law. This system has been in place since the inception of the judicial system, although the U.S. Supreme Court has shown that while precedent is respected, it is not absolute and can be revisited, particularly in cases where rights and liberties are at stake.