Final answer:
Form closures can be divided into two categories based on whether they induce elastic or plastic deformations, which refer to temporary and permanent changes in a material's shape, respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
Form closures can be divided into two categories based on whether they induce elastic or plastic deformations. The type of deformation depends on the material's response to the applied stress and whether the deformation is reversible or not. Elastic deformation is temporary and the material returns to its original shape after the removal of the stress. Plastic deformation is permanent, and the material does not return to its original shape after the stress is removed.
Other types of deformations, such as torsion or twisting, behave analogously to the tension, shear, and bulk deformations considered here. For example, tensile or compressive stress causes elongation or shortening of an object and is due to external forces acting along one direction. Shear deformation occurs when forces are applied tangentially to opposite surfaces, causing layers to shift in the direction tangent to the forces.