Final Answer:
Alvin's dismissal of an intelligent and successful outgroup member as an exception rather than challenging his stereotypes exemplifies the Exception Fallacy. This cognitive bias involves explaining away counterexamples to maintain existing stereotypes, hindering a nuanced understanding of diverse groups. Therefore the correct option is C) Exception fallacy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Alvin's behavior exemplifies the Exception Fallacy (option C). This fallacy occurs when individuals dismiss evidence that contradicts a stereotype by labeling it as an exception rather than reconsidering the validity of the stereotype itself. In Alvin's case, he disregards the intelligence and success of an outgroup member by perceiving it as an isolated exception, reinforcing his preconceived notion that outgroup members are generally unintelligent failures.
The Exception Fallacy is a cognitive bias that maintains stereotypes by explaining away counterexamples rather than challenging and updating one's beliefs. Alvin's response reflects a common psychological defense mechanism where individuals cling to existing stereotypes, even in the face of evidence that challenges those stereotypes. This cognitive process contributes to the perpetuation of stereotypes and can hinder personal growth and understanding.
Recognizing and addressing the Exception Fallacy is crucial for fostering a more accurate and nuanced understanding of diverse groups. Overcoming this fallacy involves acknowledging individual differences within a group and avoiding the oversimplification of complex characteristics based on group membership. In this scenario, Alvin's dismissal of the outgroup member's success as an exception highlights the need for increased awareness and open-mindedness to challenge and reshape ingrained stereotypes.Therefore the correct option is C) Exception fallacy.