Final answer:
Direct factors related to an infant's neonatal survival include gestational age and birthweight. These factors determine if a baby is premature or full term, and the weight indicates health status. The Apgar score and fetal viability are also significant indicators of newborn survival.
Step-by-step explanation:
The nurse concludes that gestational age and birthweight are directly related to an infant's survival in the neonatal period. Gestational age refers to how far along the pregnancy is and is crucial for determining the premature or full-term status of an infant. Birthweight is a strong indicator of neonatal health, with an average full-term newborn weighing about 3.4 kg (7.5 lb). Low birthweight, defined as below 2.5 kg (5.5 lb), and premature birth are major factors that can contribute to neonatal mortality.
Fetal hemoglobin differs from adult hemoglobin in its ability to bind with oxygen at lower pressures, which is important for oxygen transfer from the mother to the fetus. Fetal viability refers to the ability of the fetus to survive outside of the womb, typically achievable after 26 weeks of gestation with necessary medical care.
Immediately after birth, the Apgar test is crucial in determining the newborn's need for urgent medical care. Other factors such as the mother's reproductive history, parental health habits and social class, and the adequacy of prenatal care are also important but indirectly influence the newborn's chances of survival.