Final answer:
The condition characterized by elevated intraocular pressure due to obstruction of the scleral venous sinus is called glaucoma. It threatens vision by potentially damaging the optic nerve.
Step-by-step explanation:
A state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the scleral venous sinus is obstructed and aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted is called glaucoma. The shape of the eye is maintained by fluid pressure known as intraocular pressure. When this balance is disrupted, by, for instance, an obstruction of the scleral venous sinus leading to inadequate reabsorption of aqueous humor, the resulting increase in intraocular pressure can cause glaucoma, which can damage the optic nerve if left untreated.
Other pressures within the body include spinal and skull pressures, bladder pressure, and pressures within the skeletal system. However, when we speak about the health of the eye, intraocular pressure and its regulation are critical for maintaining proper eye function and vision.