Final answer:
The correct answer is option: Federalist No. 78, written by Alexander Hamilton, argued for the power of judicial review, marking it as a vital function of the judiciary despite being the weakest branch of government.
Step-by-step explanation:
The document that argued for the power of judicial review is Federalist No. 78, authored by Alexander Hamilton. In this document, Hamilton discusses the role and powers of the judiciary, emphasizing that while the judicial branch is the weakest of the three branches of government, it has the most significant power of declaring legislative acts invalid if they are contrary to the Constitution. This idea laid the groundwork for the establishment of judicial review, which allows courts to decide upon the constitutionality of legislative acts.