Final answer:
Sterilization is an irreversible surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy, achieved in males by vasectomy and in females by tubal ligation. The procedures laparoscopy, minilaparotomy, and culdoscopy relate to sterilization, but posterior colpotomy does not, and 'in vitro fertilization' mentioned in the question is a fertility treatment, not a sterilization procedure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sterilization is the most effective contraceptive method, and it is generally a surgical procedure that is considered irreversible. For males, this is typically achieved through a vasectomy, wherein the vas deferens are either clamped or cut to prevent sperm from being included in ejaculate. For females, tubal ligation is the common form of sterilization, where the Fallopian tubes are sealed, either by being tied, cut, or blocked with implants to prevent eggs from being fertilized by sperm.
The procedures that can accomplish sterility are:
- Laparoscopy
- Minilaparotomy
- Posterior colpotomy
- Culdoscopy
However, the procedures listed in the question except posterior colpotomy (option c.) involve accessing the Fallopian tubes or reproductive structures to achieve sterilization. Notably, 'in vitro fertilization' (IVF) mentioned in options c. and d. is actually a fertility treatment rather than a method of achieving sterility. IVF involves the external fertilization of an egg which is then implanted into the uterus, and is not a means to sterilize.