Final answer:
Alzheimer's disease is the disorder associated with abnormally high levels of phosphorylation of a MAP, characterized by beta-amyloid plaque accumulation and neurodegeneration.
Step-by-step explanation:
The disorder associated with abnormally high levels of phosphorylation of a Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) is Alzheimer's disease. In Alzheimer's, there is an observed increase in phosphorylation levels of proteins like eIF-2. The abnormal phosphorylation is linked to the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and is considered one of the primary pathological mechanisms of this neurodegenerative disease. Although other options may also involve abnormal protein phosphorylation or the MAP kinase cascade, Alzheimer's disease is specifically characterized by a dysregulation in protein expression and signal transduction pathways leading to neurodegeneration. In the context of the Ras protein-mediated activation of a phosphorylation cascade, it plays a central role in receptor kinase signaling pathways, and mutations can lead to cancer due to uncontrolled cell proliferation.