Question

Which of the following are among theories of development that provided a framework for explaining the role of culture in development?

a) Psychoanalytic theory
b) Behaviorism
c) Ecological systems theory
d) All of the above

Answer 1

The theories of development that explain the role of culture in development are psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and ecological systems theory, meaning d) All of the above is the correct answer.

Step-by-step explanation:

The theories of development that provided a framework for explaining the role of culture in development include:

• Psychoanalytic theory - particularly the later neo-Freudian approaches such as Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory which emphasizes the role of culture and society on personality development.
• Behaviorism - which considers the impact of environmental factors such as culture on behavior and learning, with theorists like Albert Bandura focusing on the role of cultural modeling and reciprocal determinism.
• Ecological systems theory - originally proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, and emphasizes the different environmental systems, including cultural ones, that influence an individual's development.

Hence, the correct answer to the question is d) All of the above.

Answer 2

Developmental theories that incorporate the role of culture include psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and ecological systems theory, with each emphasizing different interactions between the individual and the cultural environment.

Step-by-step explanation:

The theories of development that provided a framework for explaining the role of culture in development include psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and ecological systems theory. Psychoanalytic theory, originally proposed by Freud and later extended by Erikson, considers the psychological growth of the individual in the context of society. Behaviorism, championed by Skinner and Bandura, takes into account the external environment and its effects on behavior, including cultural reinforcements. Finally, ecological systems theory, particularly the Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST) as discussed by Spencer, focuses on development as a result of interactions within various environmental systems that are inevitably influenced by cultural factors.