Final answer:
All the options provided are examples of paralanguage behavior, which involves aspects of speech like pitch, volume, and rate that accompany language and convey meaning beyond the words themselves.
Step-by-step explanation:
Paralanguage behavior refers to the non-lexical features of spoken communication, such as the pitch, volume, and rate of speech. The examples given in the question:raising volume when speaking, pausing between words to emphasize certain words, lowering pitch, and lowering volume when speaking, are all demonstrations of paralanguage behavior. Specifically, raising and lowering volume relate to the amplitude and intensity level at which one speaks. Lowering pitch means speaking with a lower frequency. Furthermore, pausing between words can affect the rate of speech, which is critical for emphasizing points and can impact the audience’s perception and understanding.
Humans can change the pitch of their voice by relaxing or tightening their glottis, creating a higher or lower pitched sound, respectively. Overall, the correct answer is e. All of these answers are correct, as each option listed is an example of paralanguage behavior.