Final answer:
Instruments did participate in the performance of madrigals in the Renaissance, either doubling or substituting vocal parts, which is true. This was supported by the polyphonic nature of the music and the increased demand for musical entertainment.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement Instruments participated in the performance of madrigals, either by doubling or by substituting for a vocal line is true. During the Renaissance, the madrigal was a popular Italian secular genre. Instruments often played along with or in place of the singers, either doubling the vocal parts for added texture or substituting for a vocal line when necessary. This practice was facilitated by the rise of polyphony, which encouraged the use of larger ensembles with a blend of vocal ranges and instrumental timbres.
Illustrations from the era, such as the Cantigas de Santa Maria manuscripts and motets of Cyprien de Rore, suggest that instruments like the lute, psaltery, and various flutes were used during performances. Additionally, the increasing demand for music among the bourgeois class led to widespread dissemination of musical works, including madrigals, through the invention of the Gutenberg press.