Final answer:
An executive from Morton Thiokol instructed to "Proceed with the launch" of the Challenger space shuttle, leading to a disaster. The Galileo probe's survival of just 57 minutes in Jupiter's atmosphere was expected and due to extreme conditions, not a scandal.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question refers to the events leading to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster that occurred on January 28, 1986. During a teleconference the night before the launch, after a short break, a Morton Thiokol executive ultimately instructed Roger Boisjoly, one of the engineers, with the decision of "Proceed with the launch" despite concerns about the O-ring seals in the solid rocket boosters. As for the secondary question posed about the Galileo probe, this was a separate space mission launched by NASA in 1989 with the intent of studying Jupiter and its moons. The Galileo probe was intentionally designed to last only a short duration in Jupiter's harsh atmosphere. Despite surviving for just 57 minutes, the mission provided invaluable scientific data and was a significant achievement. It was not a scandal, but rather an example of engineering designed for a very specific and challenging mission profile. Reasons for its limited lifespan include the extreme pressure and temperature conditions found in Jupiter's atmosphere, which were beyond the capabilities of any material or technology available at that time to withstand for an extended period.