Final answer:
The condition described is Aphasia (Option C), a neurological disorder related to damage in the cerebral cortex's speech centers, leading to receptive or expressive language impairments.
Step-by-step explanation:
The abnormal neurological condition in which language function is defective or absent, particularly related to injury to the speech center in the cerebral cortex, causing receptive or expressive aphasia, is C. Aphasia. Aphasias can result from damage to integration areas in the left hemisphere, most notably Broca's area or Wernicke's area. Various types of aphasia, such as receptive aphasia and expressive aphasia, are characterized by a loss of the ability to understand received language or produce language, respectively. Assessment of these functions is crucial in a neurological exam and helps distinguish between acute events, such as a stroke, and more global conditions. Additionally, damage to the right hemisphere can lead to deficiencies in the nonverbal aspects of language, such as understanding metaphors or emotional expression in speech.