Final answer:
Blindfolds, scavenger hunts, and kidnapping of pledges are all considered hazing under all circumstances. This is true no matter if the activities are approved by organization leadership or if they take place in a so-called controlled environment, due to their potential to endanger students and perpetuate harmful practices.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student has asked whether blindfolds, scavenger hunts, and kidnapping of pledges are considered hazing. The answer is a) True, under all circumstances. Hazing practices are any actions or situations that recklessly or intentionally endanger the mental or physical health of a student for the purpose of initiation or admission into an organization, regardless of the person's willingness to participate or if the activities are approved by fraternity leadership or conducted in a controlled environment. Such activities have been linked to serious consequences, including the perpetuation of a culture that may lead to sexual assault and violence. Universities have implemented policies, consent awareness training, and support programs to combat the issue of sexual assault on college campuses.