Final answer:
The Rayleigh waves advance in a backward-rotating, elliptical motion. They are different from the longitudinal P-waves and the transverse S-waves that travel through Earth's interior. Option 4.
Step-by-step explanation:
The waves that advance in a backward-rotating, elliptical motion are Rayleigh waves.
Among the options provided, Rayleigh waves are the correct answer, representing Option 4. Rayleigh waves, which are one of the types of surface earthquake waves, are similar to surface waves on water and have both longitudinal and transverse components.
They can cause the ground to shake in an elliptical motion, much like the ripples seen on the surface of water.
These seismic waves are different from P-waves and S-waves that travel through Earth's interior.
P-waves are compressional or longitudinal waves, and they propagate by compressing and expanding the material through which they travel.
On the other hand, S-waves are transverse waves, and they move material perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
Hence, the right answer is option 4.