Final answer:
The colon is the segment of the digestive system where the absorption of vitamin K, some B vitamins, water, and electrolytes occurs, whereas the ileum is responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12 and bile salts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The absorption of various nutrients occurs in different sections of the digestive system. The duodenum is primarily responsible for the absorption of iron. The jejunum, being the middle section of the small intestine, is highly involved in absorbing carbohydrates and proteins. Significant absorption of water and electrolytes also occurs in the jejunum. In contrast, the ileum, as the final part of the small intestine, specializes in the absorption of vitamin B12 and bile salts. However, it is the colon (part of the large intestine), where the absorption of vitamin K, some B vitamins, water, and electrolytes takes place.