Final answer:
A short and thick column is usually subject to failure by crushing. Doric columns might predominantly fail by crushing due to their shorter and thicker dimensions.
Step-by-step explanation:
A column that is subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling, and can fail when the direct stress from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the material, is typically a short and thick column. In the context of Classical orders of architecture, the options provided, such as Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Pendentive, are styles of columns but do not inherently describe the failure mode of a structural column.
However, the term pendentive is not a type of column at all, but an architectural element that allows the placement of a circular dome over a square room. Doric columns, known for their sturdy proportions and fluted shafts, could be considered more resistant to buckling due to their shorter and thicker dimensions, which might predominantly fail by crushing if the compressive strength is exceeded.