Final answer:
Investigators commonly submit research proposals for funding through government agency announcements. Federal grants from entities such as the National Institutes of Health play a significant role in supporting research that can lead to innovation and economic growth.
Step-by-step explanation:
Investigators (researchers) are invited to submit research proposals for possible funding through government agency announcements. Funding for research is multifaceted, where sources can include public funding via taxpayers' dollars, as well as private sector investments yielding proprietary benefits. Significant contributions also come from private foundations and institutional support. It is pivotal to research and evaluate various scholarship opportunities that may arise from state governments, schools, employers, individuals, private companies, nonprofits, and professional organizations. Government funding, especially, plays a crucial role in backing medical and scientific research demonstrated by entities like the National Institutes of Health, which are supported by federal grants. Such collaboration and financial backing are necessary to address broad societal challenges and can trigger product innovation and kickstart new industries.