Final answer:
The connectors of the upper epidermal tissue are known as desmosomes, which are crucial for cell adhesion within the epidermis, contributing to the skin's integrity and resilience.
Step-by-step explanation:
The connectors of the upper epidermal tissue are known as desmosomes. These structures function to adhere cells together within the epidermis, and along with tight junctions and gap junctions, they ensure that the epidermal layer remains intact and resistant to stresses. Desmosomes attach to the intermediate filament proteins, particularly keratins, in the cytoskeleton of the cells, forming a strong, interconnected network.
The epidermis consists mainly of stacks of keratin-producing epithelial cells called keratinocytes, which make up at least 90 percent of this layer. New keratinocytes form at the bottom of the epidermis and are gradually pushed to the surface as they fill with keratin and die, creating a waterproof barrier.
Beneath the epidermis lies the dermis, which contains the papillary layer and the reticular layer. The papillary layer, with its fingerlike projections known as papillae, interdigitates with the epidermis, enhancing the adherence between these layers. The papillae also contain capillaries and sensory receptors.
The hypodermis, the layer of connective tissue below the dermis, connects the dermis to underlying body structures. It stores fat and provides insulation and protection. Together, these layers and the desmosomes that connect the cells of the epidermis make up the complex structure of human skin.