Final answer:
Procter and Gamble exemplifies an administered vertical marketing system due to its influence over retail practices without ownership or contracts.
The Correct option is ; d. administered vertical marketing systems
Step-by-step explanation:
Procter and Gamble, with its wide product assortment and strong cooperation from supermarkets in terms of display, promotion, and pricing strategies, represents an administered vertical marketing system.
This type of system does not involve ownership or contractual relationships between the levels of the market; instead, the size and power of a company like Procter and Gamble allow it to dictate terms with retailers.
Historically, companies that achieved brand consistency and protection were able to build national reputations, leveraging the brand as a significant corporate asset.
Procter and Gamble represents a contractual vertical marketing system because it obtains excellent cooperation from supermarkets in displaying, promoting, and pricing its products.
In a contractual VMS, independent firms at different levels of the distribution channel work together through contractual agreements to achieve mutual benefits.
Procter and Gamble's ability to collaborate closely with supermarkets to ensure effective product placement and promotion demonstrates this type of vertical marketing system.