Final answer:
SQL stands for Structured Query Language and qualifies as all of the given options: a data sublanguage, a product of IBM research, a national standard, and a combination of a data definition language and data manipulation language.
Step-by-step explanation:
SQL, or Structured Query Language, is e) All of the above. It is a data sublanguage, initially a product of IBM research, has become a national and international standard, and is indeed a combination of a data definition language (DDL) and a data manipulation language (DML).
As a data sublanguage, SQL is used specifically for managing and manipulating data within a relational database management system (RDBMS). Its origin traces back to research conducted at IBM, where it was first developed in the 1970s. SQL was adopted as a national standard by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986 and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. Its dual capability to both define data structures (DML) and perform operations on data (DDL) makes it a powerful tool for database interaction.