Final answer:
Present-time orientation refers to the emphasis on immediate gratification and the focus on the present moment in working class subcultures. Factors like economic conditions and cultural values can influence this orientation. It's important to consider variations within subgroups and individuals.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the context of working class subcultural values, present-time orientation refers to the emphasis on immediate gratification and the focus on the present moment rather than long-term planning or future goals. This can manifest in various ways, such as prioritizing short-term pleasures and experiences over long-term investments or savings. For example, instead of saving money for retirement, a present-oriented individual may choose to spend their income on immediate enjoyment, such as entertainment or vacations.
This present-time orientation can be influenced by several factors, including economic conditions, cultural values, and individual circumstances. In the shift from industrial to postindustrial society, as described by social theorists like David Harvey and Frederic Jameson, work discipline becomes more rigorous, global trade increases, and technology becomes more pervasive. These changes can intensify the focus on the present moment as workers may experience increased pressure and uncertainty, leading them to prioritize short-term rewards.
It's important to note that not all working-class individuals or subcultures exhibit a present-time orientation. There can be variations within different subgroups and individuals based on their values, beliefs, and socioeconomic factors.