Final answer:
Hereditary influences in intelligence are suggested by studies on twins, which show a higher correlation between IQ scores of identical twins raised together or apart. Genetics and environmental factors both contribute to intelligence, with genetics seeming to control the level of intelligence and environmental influences triggering cognitive abilities. However, it is challenging to isolate how and when high intelligence is passed on, and social structures and socioeconomic status can affect IQ scores.
Step-by-step explanation:
Some researchers believe that intelligence is a trait inherited from a person's parents. Twin studies, such as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, have shown a higher correlation between IQ scores of identical twins compared to siblings or fraternal twins raised together. This suggests a genetic component to intelligence. However, other psychologists argue that a child's developmental environment also plays a role in shaping intelligence levels.
Additionally, there are debates on whether genetics or environmental factors have a greater impact on intelligence. While genetics seem to control the level of intelligence, environmental influences provide both stability and change in triggering cognitive abilities. It is not always possible to isolate how and when high intelligence is passed on to the next generation.
The confounding nature of social structures and socioeconomic status also adds complexity to determining the origins of high intelligence. Ethnic groups and socioeconomic factors can affect IQ scores, but these differences may not be solely attributed to differences in intellectual abilities. For example, children living in poverty may experience stress that negatively affects their brain functioning and leads to lower IQ scores.