Final answer:
Stool microbiological investigations are performed when infection is suspected, focusing on patients with symptoms such as diarrhea and blood in stools. Microscopic and molecular assays like PCR testing are used for the analysis, and accurate identification leads to targeted treatment with antibiotics or antiparasitic medications.
Step-by-step explanation:
Perform stool microbiological investigations if a clinician suspects an infection due to pathogens that can be identified through fecal analysis. This is crucial for patients presenting with symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, or signs indicative of infection such as the presence of blood or white blood cells in their stools. Samples should be processed promptly to ensure accurate results.
Microscopic examination of stool is typically performed over several days, and serologic tests can be available to aid diagnosis. Stool samples can be analyzed through various methods, including serological or molecular techniques. In cases of suspected Shigella infection, immunoassays for S. dysenteriae are widely used, alongside other methods such as API test strips, Enterotube systems, or PCR testing.
Treatment options may include antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. For parasitic infections, drugs such as metronidazole or tinidazole are commonly prescribed, followed by medications like diloxanide furoate to eradicate persistent cysts. Adequate identification of the infecting agent through stool analysis enables precise targeting of therapy, improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance.