Final answer:
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a life-threatening condition affecting premature infants due to insufficient pulmonary surfactant production. It causes restricted lung function, leading to difficulties in breathing and oxygen exchange. Treatment involves respiratory support, surfactant administration, and necessary supportive care.
Step-by-step explanation:
What is Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a serious condition primarily affecting premature infants. This restrictive lung disease occurs due to inadequate production of pulmonary surfactant, a substance crucial for reducing surface tension within the alveoli, thereby facilitating lung inflation. Infants with RDS have difficulty with gas exchange, leading to low oxygen levels and elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Medical interventions for RDS may include respiratory support via ventilation, administration of exogenous surfactant, and other supportive therapies such as temperature regulation and nutritional support. Advances in therapies have significantly reduced mortality rates associated with RDS.
RDS can be considered a restrictive disease because it results from decreased compliance of the alveoli, making the lungs less flexible and the airways more prone to collapse, particularly upon exhalation. The resulting intrapleural pressure changes lead to trapped air in the lungs and compromised breathing capacity. Effective treatment is crucial to support the infant until their lungs can properly develop and produce adequate amounts of surfactant.