Final answer:
Typical characteristics of individuals in the precontemplation stage of change include blaming others for their problems, not recognizing their behavior as problematic, and being unaware of associated risks. Hence, answers a, c, and e are correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the transtheoretical model for change, individuals in the precontemplation stage typically exhibit certain characteristics. They often:
- Blame others for the problems they experience, indicating a lack of internal attribution for their challenges.
- Do not recognize the problematic nature of their behavior, suggesting an absence of awareness or acknowledgment of the issue.
- Are unaware of the risks associated with behaviors they engage in, which implies a lack of information or refusal to accept known consequences.
In summary, options a, c, and e from the question are typical of persons in the precontemplation stage of change. They tend to externalize blame, fail to recognize their behavior as problematic, and remain unaware of the associated risks.