Final answer:
Biofilms attach to surfaces using an extracellular matrix primarily composed of polysaccharides, which provides significant advantages to the bacteria within it.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of matrix that attaches biofilms to a surface is known as an extracellular matrix. This matrix is primarily composed of polysaccharides, along with extracellular DNA, proteins, and lipids that are secreted by the organisms within the biofilm. The composition of this matrix can vary due to the different organisms present and the environmental conditions.
The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) make up a significant portion of the biofilm, accounting for 50%-90% of the total dry mass of the biofilm and providing a multitude of advantages to the bacteria, such as protection from the immune system and antimicrobial drugs. The development of biofilms involves several stages, starting from the initial attachment of bacteria to a surface and leading to the mature stage where a complex and dynamic ecosystem is established.