Final answer:
The correct answer is B) Virtue; Transformational, referring to a value embraced by leaders who are charismatic, inspirational, intellectually stimulating, and considerate, as opposed to transactional leadership which relies on rewards and punishments.
Step-by-step explanation:
A value is defined as a principle or ideal intrinsically valuable or desirable (human rather than material) and is embraced with transformational leadership. Therefore, the answer is B) Virtue; Transformational. Transformational leaders are often seen as charismatic and inspirational, fostering an environment of intellectual stimulation and consideration. They value collective interests and empower others, in contrast to transactional leaders who maintain the status quo and rely on a system of rewards and punishments. Research, including that by Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, & van Engen (2003), suggests that transformational leadership is more effective than transactional leadership approaches.
Values are a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society. Beliefs are the tenets people hold to be true. In the context of leadership, these concepts are at the core of charismatic and transformational theories, which have been widely discussed and endorsed in literature and studies by Bass (1985), Robert J. House, and others.