Final answer:
The correct answer is A) Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is where a voluntary behavior is associated with consequences, and classical conditioning is where a non-voluntary behavior is associated with an unusual stimulus.
Step-by-step explanation:
Changing our responses to stimuli is referred to as operant conditioning, whereas changing the environment involves classical conditioning. In operant conditioning, an animal (or a person) learns to associate a voluntary behavior with its consequences, such as rewards or punishments. This type of learning was famously demonstrated by B.F. Skinner through his experiments with animals, where they would learn to perform certain actions to receive a reward or avoid a punishment.
In contrast, classical conditioning involves learning to associate an unusual stimulus with a non-voluntary behavior. This was first described by Ivan Pavlov in his experiments with dogs, where he conditioned them to salivate in response to the ringing of a bell which had been associated with seeing or smelling their food.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: A) Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning.