Final answer:
The windlass effect is created by the dorsiflexion of the toes, which tightens the plantar fascia as the gastrocnemius muscle pulls on the Achilles tendon. This leads to plantar flexion and increased stability in the arch of the foot.
Step-by-step explanation:
The windlass effect is produced by the dorsiflexion of the toes, which causes the plantar fascia to come forward. This phenomenon occurs when the toes are extended upwards towards the shin (dorsiflexed), as happens when one stands on their toes. The muscles in the back of the leg, specifically the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle, pull upward on the Achilles tendon. This action contributes to plantar flexion, where the heel lifts and the toes point, essentially tightening the plantar fascia underneath the foot and creating a more stable arch.
During this process, a simplified lever system is at work. The fulcrum is the metatarsal heads of the foot, the effort is applied through the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles pulling on the Achilles tendon, and the load is the body's weight on the ball of the foot. This mechanical action can lift the body while standing on the toes and is crucial during activities such as walking or running.