Final answer:
Liberals originally saw fascism as a defense against communism, yet as fascist violence intensified, many became disillusioned with such authoritarian tactics. Fascist movements leveraged national unity and economic woes to gain support, leading to a decline in democratic norms and rise of authoritarian rule. In Spain, this support culminated in a civil war and the establishment of a fascist dictatorship under Franco.
Step-by-step explanation:
Liberals responded to fascist violence with a range of actions and attitudes, reflecting the complicated sociopolitical climate of the time. Initially, there was a degree of acquiescence towards fascist tactics, as some liberals and business leaders saw fascism as a bulwark against communism, given the economic and social turmoil post-World War I. However, as fascists like Mussolini grew in power and violence escalated, including actions like the March on Rome, the liberals' tolerance of authoritarian methods in the service of order and hierarchy often turned to disillusionment. Moreover, the economic stability promised by leaders like Stalin in the Soviet Union caused some to question capitalism and liberal democracy's ability to address the crises of the time. As a result, there was support for new fascist-inspired governments that appeared to provide stability and order.
Fascist forces, such as Mussolini's Blackshirts and Hitler's brownshirts, pursued a path of intimidation and violence, attacking political opponents and branding journalists as liars. This culture of violence, combined with the appeal of restoring national greatness and addressing economic woes, allowed fascism to take root in countries like Italy, Spain, and Germany. The rise of fascist political movements led to the abandonment of democratic norms in favor of authoritarian rule, striving for unity under the banner of nationalism and racial purity.
In other countries, like Spain, the support of fascism turned into a civil war with Loyalists supporting the republic facing off against Nationalists under Franco, who was backed by forces from Germany and Italy. Authoritarian rule was imposed under the guise of being necessary for the good of the populace. This transition was often supported by conservatives, the middle class, and capitalists as a method to prevent the rise of communism and maintain social order.