Final answer:
Jefferson instructed his Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the commissions of Adams's appointees, leading to Marbury v. Madison which established the principle of judicial review.
Step-by-step explanation:
President Thomas Jefferson instructed his Secretary of State, James Madison, not to deliver the commissions of the Midnight Judges appointed by former President John Adams. The most notable case that arose from this was Marbury v. Madison, involving appointee William Marbury, which ultimately led to the establishment of the principle of judicial review by the Supreme Court. This critical decision, handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall, asserted the Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional, thereby shaping the future role and power of the judiciary in the United States.