Final answer:
Naturally-occurring amino acids are characterized by having an α-amine and α-carboxylic acid group, side chain functional groups that define their properties, charge and polarity based on the side chain, and typical linkage chemistries that hold proteins together.
Step-by-step explanation:
List four properties of naturally-occurring amino acids:
All naturally-occurring amino acids possess an α-amine group and an α-carboxylic acid group as part of their core structure. This structure is fundamental to the formation of proteins through peptide bonds.
Amino acids can be grouped according to the nature of their side chain at neutral pH: nonpolar (hydrophobic), polar uncharged, negatively charged (acidic), and positively charged (basic).
The common linkage chemistries between amino acids and the parent protein, such as ester, amide, carbonate, and carbamate bonds, play a significant role in the formation and stability of protein structures.