Final answer:
The jury must reach a unanimous verdict in a trial after deliberation; a failure to do so may result in a mistrial. The composition of the jury can affect trial outcomes, with a historic shift towards more diverse juries. Once a verdict is reached, the judge or jury determines the sentence based on the verdict.
Step-by-step explanation:
During a trial, after both the prosecution and defense have presented their cases, including opening arguments, witness testimonies, and closing arguments, the jury retreats to the jury room to deliberate. The jurors, typically twelve in number, are instructed by the judge not to discuss the case with anyone outside the jury room.
They may elect a foreman or forewoman, request to review evidence or testimony transcripts, and must reach a unanimous verdict. If the jury cannot reach a unanimous decision, the result may be a mistrial, wherein the prosecution may have to try the case again. A unanimous agreement is imperative for a conviction in the United States, as depicted in Figure 6.9.
Historically, the composition of the jury has played a significant role in the fairness of trials, as witnessed in past trials with all-white juries delivering possibly prejudiced verdicts. The integration of diverse jurors has marked progress in the judicial process.
After a verdict is reached, if a defendant is found not guilty, they are released unless there are other pending charges. If found guilty, sentencing is typically determined by the judge, though the jury may decide in capital punishment cases.