Final answer:
Thatcher's confrontation with the National Union of Miners (NUM) had long-term causes including the economic decline of the coal industry, the history of conflict between the NUM and conservative governments, and Thatcher's ideological beliefs. These factors contributed to the clash between the government and the miners.
Step-by-step explanation:
Thatcher's confrontation with the National Union of Miners (NUM) had long-term causes that contributed to the conflict. One of the main causes was the economic decline of the coal industry in the UK. As demand for coal decreased and the industry became less profitable, the government sought to reduce subsidies and increase productivity. Thatcher's government implemented policies aimed at reducing union power and privatizing industries, including the coal mines. This led to clashes with the NUM, who resisted these changes and viewed them as a threat to their livelihoods and the mining communities.
Another long-term cause was the history of conflict between the NUM and conservative governments. The miners had a strong tradition of unionization and had successfully used strikes and protests in the past to protect their interests. Thatcher and her government were seen by the NUM as representing a continuation of a hostile relationship with the coal industry.
Additionally, Thatcher's ideological beliefs and commitment to free-market capitalism played a role in the confrontation. She believed in reducing the power of unions and promoting competition and profit. The clash with the NUM was seen as an opportunity to weaken the influence of unions and reshape the coal industry according to her vision of a deregulated, market-oriented economy.