Final answer:
Miscarriages of justice during the IRA bombing campaign stemmed from biased investigations, undue public pressure, and systemic legal flaws, leading to wrongful convictions such as those of the Guildford Four and the Birmingham Six.
Step-by-step explanation:
Miscarriages of justice in response to the IRA bombing campaign in mainland Britain were the result of various factors including biased investigations, public pressure for swift justice, and sometimes a failure to provide adequate legal representation for the accused. During the troubles in Northern Ireland, the IRA carried out bombings and other terrorist acts which led to heightened tensions and urgent responses from British authorities.
In some cases, this urgency led to wrongful convictions, as seen in several high-profile cases where individuals were later found to have been wrongly convicted, such as the Guildford Four and the Birmingham Six. Public and political pressure, along with systemic flaws in the judicial process, contributed to these miscarriages of justice.