Final answer:
The actions of Moses, Plato, and Milton represent different ways of establishing a moral and social order, from religious observance to the rule of reason-led philosopher-kings. Plato's work, especially 'The Republic', has been influential in shaping Western ideals of justice and morality, much as we currently seek varied foundations for these social concepts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The actions of Moses, Plato, and Milton serve as philosophical and moral exemplars for how to live a 'good' life, especially in the context of establishing a framework for moral and social order. Moses provides a religious foundation, where obedience to God's commandments shapes morality. Plato, on the other hand, examines the idea of a 'Just City' where the guardians, characterized by their virtues, uphold a just society, suggesting a governance by the wise and benevolent who are guided by reason rather than devout religious observance. Milton adds a literary perspective, emphasizing the importance of moral truths over literal interpretations of religious texts.
Plato's Republic is particularly significant in discussing these concepts, as he argues for philosopher-kings who understand the true nature of reality and can thus lead a society justly. This lineage of thought, carried on from Socrates through Plato to Aristotle, has shaped Western philosophy's approach to virtue, justice, and the good life.
While the contemporary world often sees a decline in rigid religious adherence, the philosophical ideals espoused by thinkers like Plato continue to influence modern conceptions of justice, morality, and governance, albeit in a form that accepts more relative truths and a pluralistic notion of morality. Just as Athens in 399 BC was grappling with the transition from moira and divinity to reason and philosophy as a basis for society, today's world also seeks varied foundations for moral and social order beyond traditional religious dogma.