Final answer:
Splicing of pre-mRNA, altering mRNA stability, and controlling the rate of translation are examples of post-transcriptional control, which after transcription, allows regulation of protein synthesis by processing mRNA and influencing its lifespan and translation efficiency.
Step-by-step explanation:
The processes of splicing of pre-mRNA, altering mRNA stability, and controlling the rate of translation are all examples of post-transcriptional control mechanisms. This form of regulation occurs after transcription and is critical for the expression of genes. Splicing involves the removal of introns and ligation of exons by spliceosomes, which can take place in varying sequences, resulting in different mRNA variants from a single gene transcript.
The additions of a GTP cap and a poly-A tail further process the mRNA, preparing it for translation. mRNA stability determines how long the mRNA will be available in the cytoplasm for translation, with factors such as microRNAs influencing its degradation. The regulation of translation includes control over the binding of mRNA to the ribosome and the rate at which protein synthesis occurs.