Final answer:
Expectancy theory posits that motivation is determined by the belief that one's effort will result in performance and that performance will lead to desired outcomes, known as instrumentality.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to expectancy theory, motivation is hypothesized to be a function of instrumentality. This theory suggests that individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors when they believe that their actions will lead to desired outcomes, which is a combination of the belief that effort will lead to performance (expectancy) and the belief that performance will lead to outcomes (instrumentality). In this case, the correct answer is 'e. instrumentality.'
Expectancy theory was proposed by Victor Vroom and incorporates three components: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy is the belief that one's effort will result in the achievement of desired performance goals. Instrumentality is the belief that if one does meet performance expectations, they will receive a greater reward.
This reward could be intrinsic or extrinsic. Finally, valence is the value an individual places on the rewards of an outcome. This theory intersects with concepts like self-efficacy and the hierarchy of needs proposed by Abraham Maslow, which can also influence motivation.