Final answer:
Bupivacaine can be administered via caudal, Bier block, and spinal injection, but not (d) epidural.
Step-by-step explanation:
The local anesthetic bupivacaine (Marcaine, Sensorcaine) can be administered by all of the following ways EXCEPT epidural.
Local anesthetics are drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue. Bupivacaine can be administered caudal, via a caudal injection into the lower back; through a Bier block, which involves injecting the anesthetic into a vein in the arm or leg; or via spinal, where it is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal canal.
However, it is not typically administered epidural, which involves injecting the anesthetic into the epidural space in the spine.