Final answer:
Psychoanalysis, as developed by Sigmund Freud, includes the use of free association, dream analysis, and the exploration of early childhood experiences, which are considered crucial for adult behavior and are central to understanding a person's unconscious conflicts. Reflective speech, though not exclusive to psychoanalysis, is also used in various forms of therapy. Freud emphasized the significant role of the unconscious in shaping conscious experiences. The correct answer is option a., b. and c.
Step-by-step explanation:
The psychoanalytic approach in psychology, particularly as popularized by Sigmund Freud, heavily relies on the concept that early childhood experiences have a profound impact on adult behavior and the structure of personality. According to Freud, techniques like free association and dream analysis are instrumental in exploring the unconscious and gaining insights into repressed conflicts and desires. Additionally, Freud's theory posits that the unconscious mind harbors thoughts, feelings, and urges that significantly shape our conscious experiences, although these elements remain largely inaccessible without psychoanalytic intervention.
Regarding the technique of reflective speech, while it is true that therapists sometimes mirror clients' emotions to help them acknowledge and understand their feelings, this technique is not exclusive to psychoanalysis and is commonly used in various therapeutic approaches. Freud's method of psychoanalysis does, however, involve the therapist taking an actively interpretive role in the 'talking cure' to uncover the unconscious content impacting the patient's mental state.