Question

Suppose a study is conducted to assess the association between smoking and cardiovascular disease (cvd). researchers recruited a group of 231 study participants then categorized them according to smoking and disease status: 111 are smokers, while 40 smokers and 32 non-smokers have cvd. use r to calculate the relative risk of cvd and interpret the result. 2. suppose another study is conducted to assess the association between smoking and cvd, but researchers use a different design: 90 individuals with cvd and 110 individuals without cvd are recruited. 40 of the individuals with cvd are smokers, and 80 of the individuals without cvd are non-smokers.

a. is relative risk an appropriate measure of association for these data?

Answer 1

The relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in smokers compared to non-smokers is 1.30. Smokers have a 30% higher risk of developing CVD compared to non-smokers. Relative risk may not be an appropriate measure of association for the second study design.

Step-by-step explanation:

To calculate the relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in smokers compared to non-smokers, we can create a 2x2 table:

CVDNo CVDSmokers4071Non-Smokers3288

The relative risk (RR) is calculated by dividing the incidence of CVD in smokers by the incidence of CVD in non-smokers. In this case, RR = (40/(40+32))/(71/(71+88)) = 1.30.

The relative risk of CVD in smokers compared to non-smokers is 1.30. This means that smokers have a 30% higher risk of developing CVD compared to non-smokers.

For the second study design where 90 individuals with CVD and 110 individuals without CVD are recruited, relative risk may not be an appropriate measure of association. This is because relative risk is typically used in cohort studies or case-control studies, where exposure status is known before the outcome occurs. In this study design, individuals are already classified based on their disease status, so relative risk cannot be directly calculated.