Final answer:
Studies have found significant variables like educational attainment, salary levels, and attitudes that differ between police chiefs promoted from within and those hired from outside. These factors are often influenced by broader issues of social stratification and discrimination in the labor market.
Step-by-step explanation:
In studies that compare police chiefs who were promoted from within to those hired from outside their departments, the focus is usually on variables such as educational attainment, salary levels, and attitudes. These studies often highlight issues related to social stratification and disparities within workplace processes, including policies and promotions.
Discrimination within the labor market, as indicated by disparities in pay, callbacks for job interviews based on racial characteristics of names, and negotiations for higher salaries, plays a significant role in outcomes for individuals in various occupations, including law enforcement leadership positions.