Final answer:
For the analogy 'the removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money', the correct pairing is 'primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer' because the removal of a shock (negative reinforcement) is intrinsically motivating, while money (conditioned reinforcement) requires associative learning to become rewarding.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the analogy question is 'd. primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer'. We understand this connection by looking at what each term represents in the realm of psychology, specifically within the framework of conditioning. The removal of an electric shock is an example of negative reinforcement because it eliminates an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior. In contrast, the receipt of money usually functions as a secondary or conditioned reinforcer, as it gains its value through associations with primary reinforcers like food and shelter.
A primary reinforcer is something that has innate reinforcing qualities, such as food or water. These are naturally satisfying and require no learning to become desirable. On the other hand, a conditioned reinforcer, like money, attains its reinforcing power after being associated with a primary reinforcer. While the removal of an electric shock directly increases a behavior by taking away an unpleasant experience, receiving money indirectly increases behavior due to its learned value.