Final answer:
The scienter requirement for establishing fraud in the inducement can be met by actual knowledge, lack of belief in the statement's truthfulness, or reckless indifference to the statement's truthfulness. All of the options listed (a, b, c) satisfy this requirement.
Step-by-step explanation:
The scienter requirement for establishing fraud in the inducement refers to the defendant's state of mind and intent to deceive. The options given all relate to the required state of mind for scienter:
- Actual knowledge implies the person making the statement knew it was false.
- Lack of belief in the statement's truthfulness indicates that while there might not be direct knowledge of falsity, there is at least a suspicion that the statement could be false.
- Reckless indifference as to a statement's truthfulness suggests a disregard for the truth or falsity of the statement, which can also meet the scienter requirement.
Therefore, all of the above options (a, b, c) are correct and can meet the scienter requirement to establish fraud in the inducement.